b'Solid State Chlorination ofNovel chemistry expands critical material recovery and supports a more Waste Lithium Battery Scrap sustainable decarbonized energy grid.T his research developed an innovative pathway for high purity extraction of cobalt, lithium, nickel, and manganese from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Solid-state chlorination was used to: (1) remove impurities; (2) use fewer and less toxic reagents; and (3) reduce the number of unit operations in lithium-ion battery scrap leaching and purification. Solid-state chlorination TOTAL APPROVED AMOUNT:effectively extracts cobalt and lithium from permanent magnets and cathode $108,000 over 1 year material of lithium-ion batteries. The intention of this research project was to PROJECT NUMBER:demonstrate that the technology can be extended to end-of-life batteries where 20A1049-029 impurities such as aluminum and iron can be removed and recovered separately. Ammonium chloride with low temperature roasting created a water-soluble metal PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:chloride concentrate ready for metal separation. After assembly of the experimental Mark Strauss equipment, Box-Behnken experimental design with three variables and three CO-INVESTIGATORS: levels was performed to study the effect of temperature, gas carrier flow rate, and Luis Diaz Aldana, INL ammonium chloride to metal extraction and impurity removal efficiencies. The Mary Case, INL results show that over 92% extraction of cobalt, lithium, nickel, and manganese can Tedd Lister, INL be achieved in just 20 minutes.TALENT PIPELINE:Mark Strauss, INL postdocPRESENTATION:Strauss, M., L. D. Aldana, M. Case, and T. Lister, A strategy for acid-free waste lithium battery processing, Ni-Co 2021: The 5th International Symposium on Nickel and Cobalt, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Virtual, Mar. 1518, 2021.Metal Weight %Cobalt14.16Nickel4.27Manganese3.31Lithium2.31Aluminum0.48Iron0.16Copper0.16Zinc0.09The starting material from lithium-ion batteries for metal extraction and separation accounts for 50% of the battery weight. The table shows the weight percent of each metal in the starting material.83'