b'Switchable Solvent WaterDiscoveries fill knowledge gaps on fundamental thermodynamics important for Extraction and Water Softening process efficiency of transformative water treatment technologies.S olvent-driven water-selective extraction zero liquid discharge desalination and solvent-driven fractional precipitation scalant removal are two interrelated water treatment technologies, each with the potential to transform multiple industries via reduced cost water treatment and recycling. Both technologies are projected to be energy efficient treatments that can address TOTAL APPROVED AMOUNT:complex solutions containing multiple contaminants over a wide range of pH and $1,250,000 over 2 years concentrations. Both technologies are expected to isolate currently inaccessible PROJECT NUMBER:products from waste streams, including: (1) mine drainage; (2) landfill leachate; 20A44-040 (3) various scrubber blow downs, including flue gas desulfurization; (4) refining process waters (e.g., gas to liquid and coal to chemical); (5) produced waters PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:from oil and gas production; (6) down-stream chemical production waters; (7) Aaron Wilson membrane system rejectates (including industrial manufacturing waters); (8) CO-INVESTIGATORS: food processing; (9) mineral processing waters; and (10) pretreatment of existing Christopher Orme, INL desalination processes.John Lienhard, MassachusettsThis project focused on fundamental thermodynamics that determine the process Institute of Technology efficiency of the technologies. Filling these technical knowledge gaps is needed COLLABORATOR: to develop a general technoeconomic model and understand commercial viability Massachusetts Instituteof the process. Additionally, this work produced data associated with solution and of Technology electrolyte theory to advance the current state of knowledge.Illustration of the mechanism by which solvent-driven fractional precipitation occurs based on the mass-action solution model developed in this project, starting form a saturated sodium chloride solution. (inset bottom right) Select phase boundary data for water sodium chloride organic mixtures that aligns with the model.86'